Sebastian O - Grant Morrison

“Sebastian O’s name is a byword for perversity in the elite circles of London high society” (from the Chronology of Sebastian O), but how do you define perversity in Victorian Ages? After all this was a time in which most sexual practices were considered “perversities”. Victorian morality can be seen as the perfect synonym for sexual repression, and even Freud suggested that modern society’s neurosis was a consequence of these rigid and stern traditions.

Nonetheless, according to Michel Foucault, sex was exhaustively discussed and studied in the Victorian Age, sex was a force that needed to be disciplined. Sexual pathologies didn’t exist previously… it is during this era that someone describes every sexual practice and decides that some are normal and others abnormal and thus abhorrent. Unfairly accused of depravity, many people suffered because of this, including famed writer Oscar Wilde, which is the inspiration behind the fictional character of Sebastian O, a riveting metaphor of the sublimity of art.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote once that art must lead the way to the future, it’s only fitting then that Morrison’s approach takes the figure of the ultimate artist and places it into an alternative reality that can have only the most unpredictable future. As a matter of fact, drawing from science fiction subgenres such as steam-punk, Morrison recreates England under the ruling of Queen Victoria but adds advanced steam machinery, and all the technology derived from alternative energies. As a result, although firmly established in the late 19th century, this reality has been privy to major scientific breakthroughs.

What is most fascinating about the author’s proposal is mixing a world of futuristic technology while emphasizing Victorian idiosyncrasies. As a result, we have a rather sensible boy, Sebastian O, heir to a fortune that many would kill for, but living a life of torment and disappointment. For instance, his stepfather has one goal: “eradicating the lad’s effeminate tendencies”. Exiled from home at an early age because of those very tendencies, the child will have one too many adventures, until far from England he is “tutored in the ways of the Hasheesheen, a sect of all-male ecstatic killers”.

Sebastian O getting ready for some action / Sebastian O preparándose para la acción

Once he makes his triumphant return to London, he meets a group of seemingly immoral men, such as the teenaged homosexual poet Arnold Truro, the ambitious Lord Theo Lavender, the sexually devious novelist George Harkness and the Abbe who claims to have “devotion to underprivileged young men” when in true he indulges in pederasty. Together, they are the founders of the Club de Paradis Artificiel where this “jaded group of pomandered and frock-coated dandies imagine in Her stead a world of perfect, flawless artifice”.

an innocent victim / una víctima inocente

Why is it that the conception of art is so important for this clique? Because according to Nietzsche, Apollonian art is contrary to Dionysian art. Apollo’s realm is the world of will power and representation; of individuation and therefore finitude. By becoming an elegant assassin, always concerned with his physical appearance and aesthetic pursuits, Sebastian O defines himself as an individual that has nothing in common with mundane people. Apollo’s essence is the dreaming and the primordial yearning for appearance. Sebastian O is obsessed about his stylish finery, and this urgency reveals the implacable need for maintaining an appearance, an indelible façade that upholds the protagonist’s spirit. Aesthetically speaking, beauty is but an appearance that covers the horror; in this case, Sebastian O’s morbid desires and appalling opinions are perfectly hidden under his disguise of a civilized and graceful gentleman.

Sebastian O visits an old comrade / Sebastian O visita a un viejo camarada

Let’s remember also that Apollonian art follows certain parameters: simple lines, sobriety, clear architecture; all fundamental traits of a man of distinction. These elements have also inspired an artist like Steve Yeowell to look for simplicity, cleanliness and tidiness in his pages (Steve Yeowell had worked before with the author in their seminal series on 2000AD’s Zenith, a very different story about a super-powered teenager in the “real” world). Finally, art’s goal would be to transform existence into beauty; Sebastian O, a dashing young man, takes the concept of the dandy to its logical outcome: elegance is not a virtue but a duty; to have a refined taste is not optional but mandatory.

When sodomy charges are presented against Sebastian O, he ends up in jail (not unlike Oscar Wilde) and the Club de Paradis Artificiel is swiftly disbanded. But Sebastian O hasn’t trained as a mystic assassin in vain, and after months in prison, he escapes. Now, it’s his mission to seek revenge, if only to preserve his reputation. But what dishonorable tasks have his old friends been up to? What can be more scandalous than watching the Abbe still abusing children? As Sebastian O visits his old comrades, he finds transvestite allies as well as lesbian collaborators, but will that be enough to defeat the mysterious mercenaries that are ruthlessly chasing him?

Besides all this, a former member of the Club de Paradis Artificiel has been conspiring for years, and he now possesses the power to control Queen Victoria absolutely. With the entire Royal Army and Knights of the Crown against Sebastian O, what can the gifted dandy do? Perhaps, he can break down the barriers and taboos, and liberate himself and Britain through sex, or if that fails, through manslaughter.
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"El nombre de Sebastian O es el epítome de la perversidad en los elevados círculos de la élite de Londres" (de la Cronología de Sebastian O). ¿Pero cómo se definía la perversidad en la era victoriana? Después de todo, en ese entonces, casi todas las prácticas sexuales eran "perversidades". La moralidad de la época es sinónimo de represión sexual, e incluso Freud sugirió que la neurosis de la sociedad moderna era consecuencia de estas tradiciones rígidas y conservadoras.

No obstante, de acuerdo con Michel Foucault, el sexo fue exhaustivamente estudiado en la era victoriana, el sexo debía ser disciplinado. Previamente, no existían patologías sexuales... es durante estos años que cada práctica sexual es catalogada y luego considerada normal o anormal, y por ende, aberrante. Muchos sufrieron injustamente a causa de esta catalogación, incluyendo a Óscar Wilde, la inspiración detrás de Sebastian O, un personaje que es una metáfora de la sublimidad del arte.

Friedrich Nietzsche escribió que el arte debe guiarnos hacia el futuro, así es que tiene sentido que Morrison inserte al artista definitivo en una realidad alternativa que sólo puede tener el más impredecible futuro. De hecho, aprovechando subgéneros de la ciencia ficción como el steam-punk, Morrison recrea una Inglaterra bajo el reinado de la Reina Victoria pero añade maquinaria a vapor avanzada, y toda la tecnología que deriva de ello. Como resultado, aunque firmemente establecido en las postrimerías del siglo XIX, esta realidad ya ha conocido los mayores descubrimientos científicos.

Lo más fascinante de la propuesta del autor es mezclar un mundo de tecnología futurística con la idiosincrasia victoriana. Como resultado, Sebastian O, un chico bastante sensible vive atormentado y decepcionado, pese a ser el heredero de una fortuna envidiable. Así, su padrastro tiene una sola meta "erradicar las tendencias afeminadas del mozalbete". Exiliado a temprana edad, este niño tendrá demasiadas aventuras, hasta que lejos de su patria, será "adoctrinado en los caminos del Hasheesheen, una secta enteramente masculina de asesinos del éxtasis”.

Tras su triunfal regreso a Londres, conoce a un grupo de hombres aparentemente inmorales, como el poeta adolescente y homosexual Arnold Truro, el ambicioso Lord Theo Lavender, el novelista sexualmente desviado George Harkness y el Abad que jura tener “devoción a los jovencitos de escasos recursos” cuando la verdad es que es un pederasta. Juntos son los fundadores del Club de Paradis Artificiel, donde este “hastiado grupo de consentidos y bien vestidos dandis imaginan un mundo de perfecto e impecable artificio”.

¿Por qué la concepción del arte es tan importante para ellos? Porque, de acuerdo con Nietzsche, el arte apolíneo es lo opuesto al arte dionisíaco. El reino de Apolo es un mundo de la voluntad de poder y la representación, de la individuación y por tanto de la finitud. Al convertirse en un asesino elegante, siempre preocupado por su apariencia física y sus búsquedas estéticas, Sebastian O se define a sí mismo como un individuo completamente aislado del vulgo. La esencia de Apolo es el sueño y el ansia primordial por la apariencia. Sebastian O está obsesionada por sus lujosos trajes, y esta urgencia revela la necesidad implacable de mantener una apariencia, una fachada indeleble que sostiene al espíritu del protagonista. Estéticamente hablando, la belleza no es sino la apariencia que cubre el horror; en este caso, los mórbidos deseos y las terribles opiniones de Sebastian O se ocultan perfectamente bajo su disfraz de civilizado y gallardo caballero.

Recordemos también que el arte apolíneo sigue ciertos parámetros: líneas sencillas, sobriedad, arquitectura no recargada; todos aspectos fundamentales de un hombre de distinción. Estos elementos también han inspirado a un artista como Steve Yeowell para buscar sencillez, limpieza y orden en sus páginas (Steve Yeowell había trabajado con el autor en la influyente serie de 2000AD Zenith, una historia muy distinta sobre un adolescente con súper poderes en el mundo "real"). Finalmente, la meta del arte sería transformar la existencia en belleza; Sebastian O, un atractivo joven, lleva el concepto del dandi a su desenlace lógico: la elegancia no es una virtud sino un deber; el buen gusto no es opcional sino obligatorio.

Acusado de sodomía, Sebastian O termina en la cárcel (tal como ocurrió con Oscar Wilde) y el Club de Paradis Artificiel se desbanda rápidamente. Pero Sebastian O no se ha entrenado en vano como un asesino místico, y luego de meses de prisión, escapa. Ahora la venganza es su misión, aunque sea para preservar su reputación. ¿Pero qué actos deshonrosos han estado practicando sus viejos amigos? ¿Qué puede ser más escandaloso que ver al abad todavía abusando de los niños? Cuando Sebastian O visita a sus viejos camaradas, encuentra aliados travestis y colaboradoras lesbianas, pero ¿será eso suficiente para derrotar a los misteriosos mercenarios que lo persiguen?

Además de todo esto, un antiguo miembro del Club de Paradis Artificiel ha estado conspirando por años, y ahora posee el poder para controlar absolutamente a la Reina Victoria. Con la Armada Real y los Caballeros de la Corona en su contra, ¿que podrá hacer el dotado dandi? Tal vez aniquilar las barreras y tabúes, y liberarse a sí mismo y a Inglaterra a través del sexo o, en su defecto, del homicidio en masa.

BRAT PACK

Batman and Robin are the ultimate gay fantasy said a whacky shrink a few decades ago. And with those few words he became probably the most well-known psychiatrist in 1950s America. And thus the censorship era begun, and comic book publishers had to comply with a set of guidelines not very different from the Hays Code that ruled cinematographic productions.


The “Approved by the Comic Code Authority” seal remained well into the first decade of the 21st century, and in many ways will remain if only as a ghostly residue that could withhold creativity. Decades of control, decent guidelines and moral correctness cannot be forgotten overnight. American comic books, for better or for worse, will bear the mark of the code, but unlike branded cattle, this is a mark imprinted heavily upon the minds of creators and readers alike. This shouldn’t come as a surprise, after all, Jacques Derrida pointed out not too long ago that social structure relies deeply on certain marks, inscriptions or imprints that we can trace back in order to better understand social structures.


But, what happens when the “ultimate gay fantasy” is taken to the limits? What happens when the ambiguous interaction between a caped crusader and a young sidekick is reinterpreted for a more adult audience? The result is Rick Veitch’s shocking Brat Pack. Plagued with references to the comic industry, but moreover with parodies of well-established superheroes, the Brat Pack is a 160 page graphic novel divided into 5 chapters.


Sometimes it’s all about the media. That’s made clear in the first pages, with the host of a popular radio show named Neal Dennis (let’s remember that Dennis O’Neil and Neal Adams did one of the most famous runs on Batman) who will be later mirrored by Gay Neilman (an obvious reference to British comic book author Neil Gaiman). Readers can easily identify who is the reference for certain characters. But what’s going on with the media throughout all this? Paraphrasing Jacques Lacan I could point out that the gaze of the other defines us, in many ways, some more literals than others, we “make ourselves seen” to the other because we need to. Talking about celebrities, it all becomes clear, they demand attention and without high ratings (id est, the gaze of the other) they’re nothing. Exactly the same thing happens with the heroes’ sidekicks, their existence is determined by the fierce gaze of the public. That’s why, in another clever homage, the final fate of these sidekicks will be determined by the audience of the radio show, people call in and vote, just like they did in real life to determine if Robin (Jason Todd) would either live or die in the famous Batman saga “Death in the Family”.


In the second chapter the heroes are desperately looking for replacements. New flesh. It’s the Midnight Mink (the caped crusader with a cool car and a big mansion that parodies Batman) who’s especially eager to find a new young boy, “And my Chippy? Did you find the right type? You know what I like” says to the priest who has, for a long time, recruited naïve kids for undisclosed purposes. It’s then that the reader witnesses the lives of three boys and a girl, in a masterfully executed narrative that intercrosses their perspectives while comparing their backgrounds and personalities.


The training of these youngsters takes place in the third chapter. And when the heroes take the kids under their wings, the reader comes close to a different model of super-hero: from the Midnight Mink’s promiscuous attitude and a certain keenness for nudity, to the repulsive and decaying female body behind Moon Mistress’s costume, to the alcoholism and recklessness of King Rad, to the sexual impotence and bigotry of Judge Jury.


In the penultimate chapters, the sidekicks must face menaces no normal hero would even imagine. Chippy is constantly accused of being sodomized by Midnight Mink, Moon Mistress’s ally is about to be raped by a bunch of hooligans, King Rad’s ward falls deeply into alcoholism and Kid Vicious follows the steps of Judge Jury trying to put in practice racial cleansing.


In the final episode, a year has passed by, and the once innocent and pure children are now corrupted souls that have been either physically or mentally abused by their tutors. Just like it was hinted at the beginning, one’s greatest desire is to be the object of desire of the other, and the young sidekicks have been victimized precisely for being so quickly objectified, thus achieving great success in being desired and most coveted by their masters / heroes. But just like in Hegel's Master-Slave Dialectic one cannot exist without the other, and the adult heroes cannot survive without the Lacanian gaze of the other, which is why, when the sidekicks risk their lives for good, they get worried. This equation, like any other, can no longer exist if one of the items is untimely removed.
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En la década del 50 un psiquiatra norteamericano se hizo famoso al acusar a Batman y Robin de ser el símbolo de las fantasías homosexuales reprimidas. El público, e incluso el senado, concluyó que esas perversas publicaciones conocidas como comic books eran demasiado peligrosas para los niños, y así empezó la Edad de la Censura.

Luego de muchas décadas, Rick Veitch decidió llevar esta fantasía gay al extremo para un público adulto. El resultado fue la extraordinaria serie BRAT PACKS, que explora la relación ambigua entre dos personajes que parodian a Batman y Robin.